Findings, methods and sources
Adjacent evidenceRandomised trialMixed findingsIncludes null findings
Finding. A trial of 80 adults found better rated pain control with a nature mural plus nature sounds; anxiety did not significantly differ.
Limitation. A combined audiovisual intervention. The separate effect of the mural cannot be determined.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract checked
Structured summary
- Population
- Consecutive adults undergoing flexible bronchoscopy with conscious sedation, teaching hospital in Baltimore
- Sample
- 80 patients
- Intervention
- Nature scene mural at the bedside plus recorded nature sounds before, during and after the procedure
- Comparator
- Neither mural nor sounds
- Outcome measures
- Patient ratings of pain control (5-point scale) and anxiety
- Timing
- Around the procedure
- Result
- Greater odds of better pain control (OR 4.76, 95% CI 1.35–16.7); no difference in anxiety (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.39–1.96)
- Uncertainty
- Wide confidence interval; combined audiovisual intervention
- Design
- Randomised controlled trial
- Sample / scope
- 80 adults undergoing flexible bronchoscopy
- Setting
- Procedure room
- Art form
- Murals
Citation and abstract checked against PubMed, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.