Start with a review
Get an overview of research on viewing visual art in healthcare, including the review’s scope and limitations.
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Research library
Find studies, reviews and background material. Each record brings together its findings, limitations and sources.
Suggested starting points
Start here
Three ways into the library. These are editorial starting points, rather than a ranking of evidence quality.
Compare trial findings
Compare room paintings and hospital gallery visits, with reported benefits, null results and limitations.
Explore sculpture research
Find sculpture-related records and read about the questions that remain for permanent hospital sculpture.
78 records, including studies, reviews and background material. Some records refer to the same publication. How records are counted
The left edge shows the kind of record: randomised trial, review, other study, context, theory or research gap. Design alone does not establish a study’s quality.
Keyword search includes the full record, including limitations. Use Art form to select the artwork studied. “Adjacent evidence” means related settings or activities; “Mechanisms” means possible explanations. Finding filters can overlap: a study can report both benefits and null results.
Records include studies, reviews, research gaps and policy. Some discuss the same underlying research; do not add their sample sizes together.
Verification levels. Each record states how far it has been checked: “Abstract checked”, “Abstract or primary source checked” (for non-journal sources), or “Full text assessed”. “Not yet assigned” means the record was editorially reviewed in an earlier edition without a recorded level. No record has yet been independently reviewed; that label will be used only after a named reviewer completes a defined task.
Nature views and postoperative recovery
Adjacent evidenceObservational / experimentalReported benefit
Finding. A retrospective comparison of 23 matched patient pairs associated a tree view with shorter recovery and less strong analgesic use.
Limitation. Nature exposure; a small observational study, not an artwork intervention.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract checked
Structured summary
- Population
- Adults recovering from cholecystectomy in a suburban Pennsylvania hospital, 1972–1981
- Sample
- 46 patients: 23 matched pairs
- Exposure
- Room window with a view of trees
- Comparator
- Similar rooms with a window facing a brick wall
- Outcome measures
- Postoperative length of stay, nurses’ notes, analgesic use (from records)
- Timing
- Retrospective records of the postoperative stay
- Result
- Shorter postoperative stays, fewer negative evaluative comments in nurses’ notes and fewer potent analgesics with the tree view
- Uncertainty
- Small observational matched comparison; no randomisation
- Design
- Retrospective matched-pair records review
- Sample / scope
- 46 patients (23 matched pairs)
- Setting
- Inpatient room
- Art form
- Window view (nature)
Citation and abstract checked against PubMed, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Nature and abstract images after cardiac surgery
Healthcare artRandomised trialConference abstractReported benefit
Finding. A frequently cited 1993 conference abstract reported differences in anxiety and analgesic use between image conditions.
Limitation. Full trial reporting was not located. This abstract cannot establish a general rule against abstract art.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Not yet assigned
- Design
- Randomised allocation, intensive care unit (Sweden)
- Sample / scope
- Not reported in the published abstract
- Setting
- Intensive care
- Art form
- Pictures
Conference abstract not accessible for checking, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
A surgical arts review mainly concerned music
Policy & contextReviewContext / synthesis
Finding. A 2015 review included 48 studies, of which 47 concerned music and one sunlight.
Limitation. Useful for identifying the scope of the literature; it supplies no pooled estimate for installed visual art.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract checked
- Design
- Systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA)
- Sample / scope
- 1,101 records screened; 48 studies included
- Setting
- Perioperative
- Art form
- Several or unspecified
Citation and abstract checked against PubMed, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Art viewing in healthcare: the 2025 scoping review
Healthcare artReviewContext / synthesis
Finding. The review mapped 68 publications: 35 peer-reviewed and 33 grey-literature items. It describes promising patient-experience findings alongside mixed and null results.
Limitation. No formal critical appraisal or pooled effect estimate. The 2026 correction reports 534 visitors, not 32, within 6,006 participants.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract checked
- Design
- Scoping review (JBI / PRISMA-ScR), no critical appraisal
- Sample / scope
- 68 publications; 6,006 participants (3,133 patients, 1,343 staff, 534 visitors, 996 other/unspecified)
- Setting
- Corridors, entrances, waiting areas, inpatient rooms
- Art form
- Several or unspecified
Citation and abstract checked against PubMed Central, 29 September 2026; review and formal correction checked, 9 September 2026 · Verification source
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
These five records cite the same review. PAH-026 also cites a separate accessibility paper. The 2026 correction belongs to this review and is not a new study. The underlying studies included by the review have not been matched against every other record.
Linked records: PAH-005, PAH-006, PAH-007, PAH-026 · Publication
Staff and visitors remain less studied than patients
Healthcare artResearch gapContext / synthesis
Finding. The 2025 scoping review found substantially more patient research than research on staff or visitors.
Limitation. A description of research coverage, not evidence that staff benefit less. Visitors, rather than staff, form the smallest named participant group.
Methods and verification
Foster MW, Sanhueza C, Bahr E, et al. PLoS One. 2025;20(8):e0328215.
Verification level: Full text assessed
- Design
- Evidence about the literature, drawn from a scoping review
- Sample / scope
- Peer-reviewed subset: 2,689 patient participants against 1,003 staff
- Setting
- All
- Art form
- Several or unspecified
Checked against the full text of the 2025 scoping review in PubMed Central, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
These five records cite the same review. PAH-026 also cites a separate accessibility paper. The 2026 correction belongs to this review and is not a new study. The underlying studies included by the review have not been matched against every other record.
Linked records: PAH-004, PAH-006, PAH-007, PAH-026 · Publication
Null and negative findings need equal visibility
Healthcare artResearch gapIncludes null findingsIncludes unfavourable findings
Finding. The healthcare review includes reports of no detectable benefit and some less favourable responses to visual-art interventions.
Limitation. Lack of reported adverse clinical events does not establish universal safety. Proposed explanations such as siting and consultation remain hypotheses.
Methods and verification
Foster MW, Sanhueza C, Bahr E, et al. PLoS One. 2025;20(8):e0328215.
Verification level: Full text assessed
- Design
- Null and negative findings reported within a scoping review
- Sample / scope
- Nine articles reporting null findings; six reporting some negative effect
- Setting
- Various
- Art form
- Several or unspecified
Checked against the full text of the 2025 scoping review in PubMed Central, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
These five records cite the same review. PAH-026 also cites a separate accessibility paper. The 2026 correction belongs to this review and is not a new study. The underlying studies included by the review have not been matched against every other record.
Linked records: PAH-004, PAH-005, PAH-007, PAH-026 · Publication
The gap in evidence specific to hospital sculpture
Healthcare artResearch gapContext / synthesis
Finding. The reviewed literature does not establish a causal health effect for permanent hospital sculpture isolated from its surroundings.
Limitation. This is a bounded conclusion about the material reviewed, not a claim that no sculpture research exists anywhere. See PAH-050 and PAH-055.
Methods and verification
Foster MW, Sanhueza C, Bahr E, et al. PLoS One. 2025;20(8):e0328215.
Verification level: Full text assessed
- Design
- Absence identified across the located review literature
- Sample / scope
- Not applicable
- Setting
- All
- Art form
- Sculpture
Checked against the full text of the 2025 scoping review in PubMed Central, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
These five records cite the same review. PAH-026 also cites a separate accessibility paper. The 2026 correction belongs to this review and is not a new study. The underlying studies included by the review have not been matched against every other record.
Linked records: PAH-004, PAH-005, PAH-006, PAH-026 · Publication
Healthcare design provides context for art research
Policy & contextReviewContext / synthesis
Finding. Research on hospital design examines lighting, acoustics, ventilation and room configuration, among other variables.
Limitation. Effects of these building features cannot be assigned to an artwork within the building.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract checked
- Design
- Structured literature review, screened for relevance and quality
- Sample / scope
- Extends a 2004 review; several hundred studies screened
- Setting
- Whole facility
- Art form
- Several or unspecified
Citation and abstract checked against PubMed, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
The WHO arts-and-health review has a broader scope
Policy & contextReviewContext / synthesis
Finding. The 2019 WHO review covers receptive and participatory activities across prevention, health promotion and treatment.
Limitation. Its overall findings cannot be presented as evidence for murals or sculpture alone. Art-making and arts therapies are outside this site's core scope.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Not yet assigned
- Design
- Scoping review commissioned by WHO Regional Office for Europe
- Sample / scope
- Over 900 publications and 200 reviews, covering more than 3,000 studies
- Setting
- All
- Art form
- Several or unspecified
Source page could not be accessed for checking on 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Hospital gardens and outdoor space
Adjacent evidenceReviewContext / synthesis
Finding. A review of acute-care green spaces describes associations with restorative experience and lower reported stress.
Limitation. Gardens combine planting, outdoor access and other design features; the contribution of sculpture is not isolated.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract checked
- Design
- Literature review across Scopus, PubMed and Cochrane
- Sample / scope
- 25 documents reviewed (2000–2020)
- Setting
- Hospital grounds and courtyards
- Art form
- Outdoor / green space
Citation and abstract checked against PubMed, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Creative health in UK policy
Policy & contextPolicy / contextContext / synthesis
Finding. The Creative Health inquiry and subsequent review document policy interest and recommendations for arts and health.
Limitation. Policy endorsement is context, not an evaluation of the health effects of installed art.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract or primary source checked
- Design
- Parliamentary inquiry and policy review
- Sample / scope
- Two-year inquiry; 16 roundtables
- Setting
- National policy
- Art form
- Several or unspecified
Primary source page checked, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Long-running hospital art programmes
PracticeProgramme / guidanceContext / synthesis
Finding. CW+ and Paintings in Hospitals document sustained collection-building and arts programming in healthcare.
Limitation. Institutional programme records demonstrate practice. Collection size and longevity do not establish health outcomes.
Methods and verification
CW+ Arts in Health programme; Paintings in Hospitals.
Verification level: Abstract or primary source checked
- Design
- Programme reporting
- Sample / scope
- See source for sample and design
- Setting
- Acute hospital trusts
- Art form
- Art collections
Primary source page checked, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Percent-for-art as a funding route
Policy & contextPolicy / contextContext / synthesis
Finding. Some jurisdictions allocate part of eligible public-construction budgets to art; hospital projects may qualify.
Limitation. Rules vary. The available sources do not establish that this is the predominant funding mechanism for hospital art nationwide.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract or primary source checked
- Design
- Policy record
- Sample / scope
- See source for sample and design
- Setting
- Public capital projects
- Art form
- Several or unspecified
Primary source page checked, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
The Jameel Arts & Health Lab
Policy & contextPolicy / contextContext / synthesis
Finding. The Lab brings together arts-and-health research and institutional partnerships, including work on hospital art viewing.
Limitation. Research infrastructure and institutional context; no endorsement of this repository is implied.
Methods and verification
Jameel Arts & Health Lab; Community Jameel.
Verification level: Abstract or primary source checked
- Design
- Institutional record
- Sample / scope
- See source for sample and design
- Setting
- Global
- Art form
- Several or unspecified
Primary source page checked, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Visual art in hospitals: review and Scottish cases
Healthcare artReviewContext / synthesis
Finding. Lankston and colleagues describe generally favourable responses to hospital art alongside limitations in the available evidence.
Limitation. A narrative review and case discussion; it does not establish a uniform clinical effect.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract checked
- Design
- Narrative review with three hospital case studies
- Sample / scope
- Three Scottish hospitals: Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, new Stobhill Hospital, new Victoria Infirmary
- Setting
- Whole hospital
- Art form
- Several or unspecified
Citation and abstract checked against PubMed, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Room artwork improved perceptions, with no detected clinical benefit
Healthcare artRandomised trialMixed findingsIncludes null findings
Finding. In a randomised trial of 186 cancer inpatients, paintings improved perceptions of the hospital environment. Psychological and clinical outcomes did not differ across groups.
Limitation. A single-site trial of room paintings. The null outcomes are central to the result, not evidence that the environmental benefit is unimportant.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract checked
Structured summary
- Population
- Adult inpatients with cancer diagnoses at the Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, admitted for treatment requiring at least a three-day stay
- Sample
- 186 enrolled, 2014–2016; three randomised groups
- Intervention
- A painting by a local artist in the patient’s line of vision, either chosen by the patient or randomly selected
- Comparator
- No painting
- Outcome measures
- Anxiety, mood, depression, sense of control; self-reported pain, quality of life and length of stay; perceptions of the hospital environment
- Timing
- Anxiety and control at baseline and before discharge; emotional state every 1–2 days; perceptions of the room once, before discharge
- Result
- No differences in psychological or clinical outcomes; both painting groups reported significantly better perceptions of the hospital environment
- Uncertainty
- Effect sizes and confidence intervals are not given in the abstract; the authors note that other room décor could not be fully controlled
- Design
- Randomised controlled trial
- Sample / scope
- 186 inpatients
- Setting
- Inpatient room
- Art form
- Pictures
Citation (authors, title, journal, volume, pages, DOI) and result checked against PubMed and the author-institution record, 29 September 2026 · Verification source
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Possible pathways between leisure and health
MechanismsTheoryContext / synthesis
Finding. A theoretical framework maps biological, psychological, social and behavioural pathways linking leisure activities and health.
Limitation. Proposed mechanisms across broad activities; not proof of a mechanism or outcome for permanent sculpture.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract checked
- Design
- Narrative review and theoretical framework
- Sample / scope
- See source for sample and design
- Setting
- All
- Art form
- Several or unspecified
Citation and abstract checked against PubMed, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Describing the components of an arts intervention
MechanismsTheoryContext / synthesis
Finding. The INNATE framework identifies components of arts-and-health activities to improve description and comparison.
Limitation. Developed around broader arts participation. Adapting it to installed art would require explicit methodological work.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract checked
- Design
- Framework development from qualitative and consultative work
- Sample / scope
- See source for sample and design
- Setting
- All
- Art form
- Several or unspecified
Citation and abstract checked against PubMed, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Arts and health in public policy
Policy & contextReviewContext / synthesis
Finding. A review of policy documents examines opportunities for collaboration between arts and health agencies.
Limitation. A policy analysis, not a study of patients or a test of installed art.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract checked
- Design
- Scoping review of policy documents
- Sample / scope
- See source for sample and design
- Setting
- National policy
- Art form
- Several or unspecified
Citation and abstract checked against PubMed, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Art viewing and stress: promising, uneven evidence
Adjacent evidenceReviewContext / synthesis
Finding. Law and colleagues reviewed 14 studies of art viewing and stress, finding promising results across heterogeneous methods and settings.
Limitation. Only four studies were randomised trials. Findings from museums and laboratories require care when applied to hospitals.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract checked
- Design
- Scoping review
- Sample / scope
- Studies of art viewing and stress outcomes across settings
- Setting
- Multiple
- Art form
- Several or unspecified
Citation and abstract checked against PubMed, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Visual arts in children's hospitals
Healthcare artReviewContext / synthesis
Finding. A dedicated scoping review examines how visual art contributes to children's and families' experiences of hospital environments.
Limitation. Different art forms, settings and study designs are combined; individual installations need their own evaluation.
Methods and verification
Ullán AM, Belver MH. Visual arts in children's hospitals: scoping review. HERD. 2021;14(4):339-367.
Verification level: Abstract checked
- Design
- Scoping review
- Sample / scope
- Studies of visual arts in children's hospital settings
- Setting
- Paediatric hospital
- Art form
- Several or unspecified
Citation and abstract checked against PubMed, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Nature-themed window murals in paediatric rooms
Healthcare artRandomised trialReported benefit
Finding. A study of 90 paediatric patients compared aquatic murals, tree murals and rooms without murals, reporting differences in physiological measures.
Limitation. Small, single-site study. Its results do not establish that every mural or subject will reduce heart rate or blood pressure.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract checked
Structured summary
- Population
- Paediatric inpatients
- Sample
- 90 patients
- Intervention
- Aquatic or tree-themed window mural in the room
- Comparator
- Room without a mural
- Outcome measures
- Heart rate and blood pressure from medical data
- Timing
- During the stay, from admission
- Result
- Improvements in heart rate and systolic blood pressure in mural rooms compared with control rooms; tree murals associated with the most outcomes
- Uncertainty
- Effect sizes not given in the abstract; single site
- Design
- Patients randomly assigned to one of three room conditions; physiological measurement
- Sample / scope
- 90 paediatric patients; see paper for allocation and analysed sample
- Setting
- Paediatric inpatient
- Art form
- Murals
Citation and abstract checked against PubMed, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Patient responses to the Cleveland Clinic collection
Healthcare artObservational / experimentalReported benefit
Finding. A collection-level survey examined patient-reported mood, stress, comfort and perceptions of care.
Limitation. A self-selected institutional survey with no control condition; do not treat invitation counts as respondent counts or apply results to one sculpture.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract checked
Structured summary
- Population
- Members of an online patient panel who had visited Cleveland Clinic’s main campus in the previous 12 months
- Sample
- Survey sent to 4,376 panel members; respondent number not given in the abstract
- Exposure
- The hospital’s contemporary art collection
- Comparator
- None
- Outcome measures
- Self-reported mood, stress, comfort, satisfaction and impression of the hospital
- Timing
- Single survey
- Result
- A majority of respondents noticed the art and reported improved mood and stress and a positive effect on satisfaction
- Uncertainty
- Self-selected respondents; no control condition
- Design
- Survey study within an institutional art collection
- Sample / scope
- See source for sample and design
- Setting
- Inpatient and public areas
- Art form
- Art collections
Citation and abstract checked against PubMed, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
Both records cite the same 2014 paper. PAH-024 also mentions a 2021 paper; PAH-033 also discusses a 2024 institutional survey. Those additional sources are not treated as the same study. Participant overlap has not been established.
Linked records: PAH-033 · Publication
Art within mental-health environments
Adjacent evidenceReviewContext / synthesis
Finding. A systematic review considered art alongside broader design and environmental factors in mental-health settings.
Limitation. The review combines different environmental interventions and predates much current practice.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract checked
- Design
- Systematic review
- Sample / scope
- Studies of art, design and environment in mental healthcare
- Setting
- Mental health facilities
- Art form
- Several or unspecified
Citation checked against Crossref and abstract against the publisher or OpenAlex record, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Accessible art is a research priority
Healthcare artResearch gapContext / synthesis
Finding. The healthcare scoping review found a gap in evaluated receptive-art experiences for people with visual impairment. A separate perspectives paper addresses accessibility.
Limitation. Absence of outcome studies in a review is not absence of accessible practice. Touch-based access requires a suitable work and setting.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Full text assessed
- Design
- Absence identified within a scoping review that permitted such studies
- Sample / scope
- Not applicable
- Setting
- All
- Art form
- Several or unspecified
Checked against the full text of the 2025 scoping review in PubMed Central and the abstract of the perspectives paper, 29 September 2026 · Verification source
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
These five records cite the same review. PAH-026 also cites a separate accessibility paper. The 2026 correction belongs to this review and is not a new study. The underlying studies included by the review have not been matched against every other record.
Linked records: PAH-004, PAH-005, PAH-006, PAH-007 · Publication
Practical guidance for commissioning and care
PracticeProgramme / guidanceContext / synthesis
Finding. Professional resources address artist selection, commissioning and the long-term care of art in healthcare.
Limitation. Practice guidance is distinct from clinical evidence; technical and procurement advice must fit the project and jurisdiction.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Not yet assigned
- Design
- Professional guidance
- Sample / scope
- Not applicable
- Setting
- Capital projects
- Art form
- Several or unspecified
Publisher site checked; the specific guidance titles cited were not located there, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Evidence-informed art-selection guidance
PracticeProgramme / guidanceContext / synthesis
Finding. The Center for Health Design provides guidance translating research into art-selection decisions.
Limitation. Guidance inherits the limits of its underlying studies. It is not a new trial or an independent effect estimate.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Not yet assigned
- Design
- Professional guidance derived from research
- Sample / scope
- Not applicable
- Setting
- Whole facility
- Art form
- Several or unspecified
Source page could not be accessed for checking on 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Patients describe how they experience hospital art
Healthcare artObservational / experimentalReported benefit
Finding. Qualitative research describes art as a source of interest, relief and a more welcoming hospital environment.
Limitation. Patient accounts help explain experience; they do not establish a causal clinical benefit.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract checked
- Design
- User-oriented experimental qualitative case study
- Sample / scope
- Hospital patients
- Setting
- Inpatient and public areas
- Art form
- Art collections
Citation and abstract checked against PubMed, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
UCL arts-and-health research infrastructure
Policy & contextPolicy / contextContext / synthesis
Finding. UCL's Social Biobehavioural Research Group documents a programme of research on arts engagement and population health.
Limitation. Institutional context. The group's work is wider than permanent visual art; its inclusion does not imply a partnership.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Not yet assigned
- Design
- Institutional record
- Sample / scope
- See source for sample and design
- Setting
- Global
- Art form
- Several or unspecified
Source page could not be accessed for checking on 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Hospital murals across four countries: a 2026 preprint
Healthcare artCross-sectional mixed-methods studyPreprintMixed findingsIncludes null findings
Finding. HoME collected 525 responses through surveys, interviews and participatory photography. Surveys reported favourable patient associations and favourable staff associations in the UK and USA, with null staff findings in Nigeria and Slovenia.
Limitation. The source is a preprint. Correlations cannot show that murals caused improved wellbeing or that consultation explains differences between sites.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Full text assessed
Structured summary
- Population
- Patients (adult psychiatric and paediatric), staff and visitors at four hospitals with established mural programmes in Nigeria, Slovenia, the United Kingdom and the United States
- Sample
- 525 responses: 229 patients, 245 staff, 49 visitors, 2 undisclosed; surveys 327, interviews 115, participatory photography 83
- Exposure
- Viewing existing hospital murals, as reported by participants
- Comparator
- None; correlational, cross-sectional design
- Outcome measures
- Mural Experience Survey (developed for the study) and validated scales for well-being, positive and negative emotions, social connection and workplace belonging
- Timing
- Single time point; data collected April–July 2025
- Result
- Moderate positive correlations for patients with positive emotions; for UK and US staff with well-being, positive emotions, social connection and workplace belonging; no significant correlations for staff in Nigeria and Slovenia; no correlation with negative emotions at any site
- Uncertainty
- Bonferroni-corrected correlations; modest site samples; varied recruitment and translated scales; possible recall bias; preprint not peer reviewed
- Design
- Mixed-methods cross-sectional evaluation, four countries (preprint)
- Sample / scope
- 525 responses: 229 patients, 245 staff, 49 visitors, 2 undisclosed
- Setting
- Hospital public areas
- Art form
- Murals
Full preprint text (version posted 10 April 2026) read for sample, methods, results and limitations, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Community murals at NYC Health + Hospitals
PracticeProgramme / guidanceContext / synthesis
Finding. The programme documents murals developed with artists, patients, staff and communities.
Limitation. The creation process involves active participation. Subsequent viewing of the installed mural is receptive exposure; these are different interventions.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract or primary source checked
- Design
- Programme record
- Sample / scope
- See source for sample and design
- Setting
- Public areas across a municipal health system
- Art form
- Murals
Primary source page checked, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Cleveland Clinic's reported collection surveys
Healthcare artObservational / experimentalReported benefit
Finding. The institution reports patient-perceived benefits from its collection; the published 2014 study is also catalogued at PAH-024.
Limitation. These records overlap. Self-reported perceptions are valuable but do not demonstrate reduced clinical pain or effects of a particular work.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract or primary source checked
- Design
- Institutional survey, self-report
- Sample / scope
- See source for sample and design
- Setting
- Whole campus
- Art form
- Art collections
Primary source page checked, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
Both records cite the same 2014 paper. PAH-024 also mentions a 2021 paper; PAH-033 also discusses a 2024 institutional survey. Those additional sources are not treated as the same study. Participant overlap has not been established.
Linked records: PAH-024 · Publication
Historic hospital murals in New York
PracticeProgramme / guidanceContext / synthesis
Finding. New Deal-era hospital murals document an established civic tradition of art within healthcare.
Limitation. Historical intentions and clinicians' impressions are not controlled outcome evidence.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Not yet assigned
- Design
- Historical record
- Sample / scope
- See source for sample and design
- Setting
- Public hospitals
- Art form
- Murals
Source page could not be accessed for checking on 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Nature imagery, visual art and neuroaesthetics
Healthcare artReviewContext / synthesis
Finding. A 2025 review brings healthcare-design studies into dialogue with neuroaesthetics.
Limitation. Different evidence types are discussed together. Proposed neural explanations should not be presented as measured clinical effects.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract checked
- Design
- Review
- Sample / scope
- See source for sample and design
- Setting
- Healthcare contexts
- Art form
- Several or unspecified
Citation checked against Crossref and abstract against the publisher or OpenAlex record, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Nature imagery and as-needed medication on one psychiatric unit
Healthcare artObservational / experimentalReported benefit
Finding. A changing-image study associated a realistic nature photograph with fewer as-needed medication events than comparison conditions.
Limitation. One unit, short periods and no patient-level randomisation. The financial figures were local projections, not a general return on investment.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract checked
Structured summary
- Population
- Patients in the multi-purpose lounge of an acute psychiatric unit
- Sample
- One unit; nurse interviews
- Intervention
- Realistic nature photograph or abstract art displayed in rotation
- Comparator
- No art
- Outcome measures
- Rate of as-needed (PRN) medication per patient census; nurse feedback
- Timing
- Rotating display periods
- Result
- PRN rate significantly lower on days with the nature photograph than with no art or abstract art; nurses reported agitation in response to the abstract image
- Uncertainty
- No patient-level randomisation; cost savings were a local projection
- Design
- Within-unit comparison across rotating art conditions, with nurse interviews
- Sample / scope
- One acute psychiatric unit; 21-day no-art control period; 22 nursing staff interviewed
- Setting
- Inpatient psychiatric unit
- Art form
- Pictures
Citation and abstract checked against PubMed, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Nature art in two emergency waiting rooms
Healthcare artObservational / experimentalReported benefit
Finding. Before-and-after observations reported reductions in several restless behaviours after still and video nature art were introduced.
Limitation. No concurrent control site. A combined visual intervention and observed behaviour, rather than a direct clinical outcome.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract checked
Structured summary
- Population
- Patients and visitors in emergency department waiting rooms at two hospitals
- Sample
- Thirty hours of observation before and after installation at each site
- Intervention
- Still and video art depicting nature
- Comparator
- Same waiting rooms before installation
- Outcome measures
- Systematic behavioural observation: restlessness, noise, staring, front-desk queries, social interaction
- Timing
- Four months
- Result
- Significant reductions in restlessness, noise and staring at both sites; fewer front-desk queries and more social interaction at one site
- Uncertainty
- Pre–post design without a concurrent control site
- Design
- Pre–post systematic behavioural observation at two hospitals
- Sample / scope
- Thirty hours of observation before and after installation at each site
- Setting
- Emergency department waiting room
- Art form
- Pictures
Citation and abstract checked against PubMed, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Hospital gallery visits after cancer surgery
Adjacent evidenceRandomised trialMixed findingsIncludes null findings
Finding. A randomised study of 80 patients reported benefits for hope, anxiety and mental wellbeing after gallery visits; pain did not significantly differ.
Limitation. Receptive art viewing, but visits also involve movement, attention and a change of setting. This is not an isolated sculpture study.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract checked
Structured summary
- Population
- Patients undergoing major oncologic surgery at Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
- Sample
- 80 patients randomised to two arms
- Intervention
- Exposure to a dedicated in-house art gallery during the perioperative period (the hospital describes 15-minute daily visits)
- Comparator
- Standard of care
- Outcome measures
- Pain Rating Scale; Herth Hope Index; State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale
- Timing
- Post-study questionnaires; exact time points not yet extracted from the full text
- Result
- Hope +2.4 vs +0.05 points (P = 0.004); anxiety −8 vs −0.9 points (P < 0.0001); mental wellbeing +5.23 vs −0.05 points (P < 0.0001); no significant difference in pain
- Uncertainty
- P values reported; confidence intervals not given in the abstract; single centre; visits combine art viewing with movement and a change of setting
- Design
- Randomised controlled trial, single centre
- Sample / scope
- 80 patients
- Setting
- Post-surgical inpatient care
- Art form
- Art collections
Citation and abstract results checked against PubMed and the publisher’s abstract, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Guided bedside art observation
Adjacent evidenceRandomised trialReported benefit
Finding. A randomised pilot of 73 haematology inpatients found lower state anxiety for guided art observation than for usual care.
Limitation. The discussion and personal attention are part of the intervention. Screen-based guided viewing does not isolate ambient art exposure.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract checked
Structured summary
- Population
- Inpatients with haematologic cancer
- Sample
- 73 patients, three arms
- Intervention
- Bedside observation of an electronic selection of artwork, with or without guided discussion
- Comparator
- No dedicated art observation
- Outcome measures
- State anxiety (abbreviated STAI Y-6)
- Timing
- Around the sessions; exact time points not yet extracted
- Result
- Lower mean anxiety with guided art observation than without (8.92 vs 12.1 on a 6–24 scale; p = 0.009)
- Uncertainty
- Pilot sample; guided discussion and personal attention are part of the intervention
- Design
- Randomised controlled pilot, three arms
- Sample / scope
- 73 inpatients
- Setting
- Inpatient haematology unit
- Art form
- Pictures (screen)
Citation and abstract checked against PubMed, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
A nature mural with sound during bronchoscopy
Adjacent evidenceRandomised trialMixed findingsIncludes null findings
Finding. A trial of 80 adults found better rated pain control with a nature mural plus nature sounds; anxiety did not significantly differ.
Limitation. A combined audiovisual intervention. The separate effect of the mural cannot be determined.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract checked
Structured summary
- Population
- Consecutive adults undergoing flexible bronchoscopy with conscious sedation, teaching hospital in Baltimore
- Sample
- 80 patients
- Intervention
- Nature scene mural at the bedside plus recorded nature sounds before, during and after the procedure
- Comparator
- Neither mural nor sounds
- Outcome measures
- Patient ratings of pain control (5-point scale) and anxiety
- Timing
- Around the procedure
- Result
- Greater odds of better pain control (OR 4.76, 95% CI 1.35–16.7); no difference in anxiety (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.39–1.96)
- Uncertainty
- Wide confidence interval; combined audiovisual intervention
- Design
- Randomised controlled trial
- Sample / scope
- 80 adults undergoing flexible bronchoscopy
- Setting
- Procedure room
- Art form
- Murals
Citation and abstract checked against PubMed, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Nature exposure and self-reported pain
Adjacent evidenceReviewContext / synthesis
Finding. A meta-analysis pools studies of nature exposure and pain, including images, sound and real environments.
Limitation. Adjacent evidence about nature. Comparator choice and risk of bias affect interpretation; do not transfer the pooled estimate to sculpture.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract checked
- Design
- Systematic review and meta-analysis
- Sample / scope
- 62 studies (96 effects), 4,439 participants, 21 countries
- Setting
- Mixed clinical and laboratory
- Art form
- Several or unspecified
Citation checked against Crossref and abstract against the publisher or OpenAlex record, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Art viewing and wellbeing: the 2025 systematic review
Adjacent evidenceReviewMixed findingsIncludes null findings
Finding. Across 38 papers and 6,805 participants, convergent evidence was found for eudemonic wellbeing—meaning, purpose and personal development. Other wellbeing outcomes lacked strong support.
Limitation. Settings and activities varied. The authors call for stronger methods and provide RAARR reporting guidance.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract checked
- Design
- Systematic review
- Sample / scope
- 38 papers; 6,805 participants
- Setting
- Galleries, hospitals, laboratories, online
- Art form
- Several or unspecified
Volume and pages added from the published citation, 29 September 2026; conclusion checked against author-institution abstract, 9 September 2026 · Verification source
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Brief art viewing and blood pressure in a museum
Adjacent evidenceObservational / experimentalReported benefit
Finding. A small experiment compared responses to figurative art, modern art and an office setting, reporting a systolic blood-pressure reduction in the figurative condition.
Limitation. Healthy museum participants, not hospital patients. One experiment cannot determine a universal preference or clinical art-selection rule.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract checked
Structured summary
- Population
- Museum visitors without hypertension
- Sample
- 77 participants, randomly assigned
- Intervention
- Visit to figurative art or modern art
- Comparator
- Museum office
- Outcome measures
- Blood pressure and heart rate
- Timing
- Before and after the visit
- Result
- Systolic blood pressure decreased for most participants exposed to figurative art compared with modern art and the office; no heart-rate differences
- Uncertainty
- Small sample of healthy participants in a museum
- Design
- Randomised allocation, pre–post physiological measurement
- Sample / scope
- 77 participants
- Setting
- Art museum (Rome)
- Art form
- Pictures
Citation checked against Crossref and abstract against the publisher or OpenAlex record, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Cortisol after a lunchtime gallery visit
Adjacent evidenceObservational / experimentalReported benefit
Finding. A small uncontrolled study reported lower cortisol and self-reported stress after a gallery visit.
Limitation. Time of day, the break from work and other factors were not controlled. The linked 2019 review is a secondary account of Clow and Fredhoi's 2006 study.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Not yet assigned
- Design
- Pre–post physiological study
- Sample / scope
- 28 healthy adults
- Setting
- Art gallery (London)
- Art form
- Art collections
Only the secondary account (2019 review) could be checked; the original article was not accessible, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Cultural attendance and mortality in older adults
Adjacent evidenceObservational / experimentalReported benefit
Finding. A longitudinal cohort associated more frequent cultural attendance with lower subsequent mortality after statistical adjustment.
Limitation. Attendance included theatre and concerts as well as museums and galleries. Observational findings cannot establish causality or a benefit from installed art.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract checked
Structured summary
- Population
- Community-dwelling adults aged 50 and over, English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
- Sample
- 6,710 adults
- Exposure
- Frequency of receptive arts engagement (museums, galleries, exhibitions, theatre, concerts, opera)
- Comparator
- Never engaging
- Outcome measures
- Mortality through NHS register linkage
- Timing
- Baseline 2004–05; 14-year follow-up
- Result
- Infrequent engagement: HR 0.86 (95% CI 0.77–0.96); frequent engagement: HR 0.69 (0.59–0.80), after adjustment
- Uncertainty
- Observational; residual confounding possible
- Design
- Prospective cohort (English Longitudinal Study of Ageing)
- Sample / scope
- 6,710 adults aged 50 and over
- Setting
- Population, not healthcare
- Art form
- Several or unspecified
Citation and abstract checked against PubMed, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
This record and PAH-046 use the ELSA cohort. They are distinct publications with different outcomes; participant overlap has not been quantified.
Cultural attendance and later depression
Adjacent evidenceObservational / experimentalReported benefit
Finding. An older-adult cohort associated more frequent cultural attendance with lower subsequent depression incidence.
Limitation. A broad, voluntary cultural activity. Residual confounding remains possible and permanent-art exposure was not isolated.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract checked
Structured summary
- Population
- Adults aged 50 and over free from depression at baseline, English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
- Sample
- 2,148 adults
- Exposure
- Frequency of cultural engagement (including museums, theatre and cinema)
- Comparator
- Less frequent or no engagement
- Outcome measures
- Incident depression (CES-D combined with physician diagnosis)
- Timing
- 10-year follow-up
- Result
- Dose-response association: OR 0.68 (95% CI 0.47–0.99) for attending every few months and OR 0.52 (0.34–0.80) for monthly or more, compared with less frequent engagement
- Uncertainty
- Observational; residual confounding possible
- Design
- Prospective cohort (English Longitudinal Study of Ageing)
- Sample / scope
- 2,148 adults aged 50 and over
- Setting
- Population, not healthcare
- Art form
- Several or unspecified
Citation and abstract checked against PubMed, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
This record and PAH-045 use the ELSA cohort. They are distinct publications with different outcomes; participant overlap has not been quantified.
Population-health research on arts engagement
Policy & contextPolicy / contextContext / synthesis
Finding. A UCL report synthesises cohort findings on arts engagement and population health.
Limitation. Secondary synthesis; some underlying studies are already listed at PAH-045 and PAH-046. Do not double-count the report as independent evidence.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract or primary source checked
- Design
- Research synthesis report
- Sample / scope
- Multiple national cohorts (ELSA, HRS and others)
- Setting
- Population, not healthcare
- Art form
- Several or unspecified
Primary source page checked, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Greece's Arts on Prescription programme
Policy & contextPolicy / contextContext / synthesis
Finding. Programme and conference accounts describe a national referral-based arts initiative involving cultural institutions.
Limitation. Facilitated participation is outside core scope. Conference-reported treatment outcomes are not used here as evidence for permanent sculpture or murals.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract or primary source checked
- Design
- National pilot with an embedded randomised controlled trial (results presented; peer-reviewed publication not yet located)
- Sample / scope
- See source for sample and design
- Setting
- Museums, theatres, concert halls and cultural institutions, Greece
- Art form
- Several or unspecified
Primary source page checked, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Art installations and greenery in urban streets
Adjacent evidenceObservational / experimentalReported benefit
Finding. A field study compares short-term responses to art and greenery in street installations, reporting favourable changes in wellbeing measures.
Limitation. Public-space evidence rather than healthcare evidence. Similar observed results do not establish statistical equivalence.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract checked
Structured summary
- Population
- Passers-by in urban streets
- Sample
- Not extracted from the abstract
- Intervention
- Street installation of laminated art prints
- Comparator
- Street installation of green elements
- Outcome measures
- Subjective and physiological well-being
- Timing
- Before and after interaction with the installation
- Result
- Reduced anxiety, stress and negative mood after the art installation, as after the green installation
- Uncertainty
- Short-term field experiment outside healthcare
- Design
- Field experiment with within-subject measures, two Vienna streets
- Sample / scope
- See source for sample and design
- Setting
- Urban street, not healthcare
- Art form
- Public art
Citation checked against Crossref and abstract against the publisher or OpenAlex record, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Sculpture and perceived restorativeness of plazas
Adjacent evidenceObservational / experimentalReported benefit
Finding. In an experiment using manipulated plaza images, sculpture was associated with higher ratings of perceived restorativeness.
Limitation. Ratings of simulated spaces by a small sample, not measured recovery or health in a hospital. Relevant to siting hypotheses.
Methods and verification
Abdulkarim D, Nasar JL. Are livable elements also restorative? J Environ Psychol. 2014;38:29–38.
Verification level: Not yet assigned
- Design
- Photo-simulation experiment, factorial design
- Sample / scope
- 60 participants rating three plazas
- Setting
- Urban plazas, not healthcare
- Art form
- Sculpture
Citation metadata checked against Crossref; abstract not accessible, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Public art and its landscape setting
Adjacent evidenceObservational / experimentalReported benefit
Finding. Image-rating experiments found that responses to public art differed between urban and natural settings.
Limitation. Scene preferences are not clinical outcomes. The findings support testing the artwork within its intended setting.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Not yet assigned
- Design
- Two rating experiments with manipulated landscape images
- Sample / scope
- University students (numbers not extracted)
- Setting
- Urban and natural landscapes, not healthcare
- Art form
- Public art
Citation metadata checked against Crossref; abstract not accessible, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Art, plants and choice in office environments
Adjacent evidenceObservational / experimentalReported benefit
Finding. Experiments comparing office conditions found benefits from enrichment and from participants' control over decoration.
Limitation. Art and plants were combined. Office tasks and worker choice differ from exposure to hospital sculpture.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract checked
Structured summary
- Population
- Office workers in experimental settings
- Sample
- Two experiments: 112 and 47 participants
- Intervention
- Offices decorated by the experimenter with plants and art, or self-decorated
- Comparator
- Lean office
- Outcome measures
- Organisational identification, well-being and productivity measures
- Timing
- Within each experimental session
- Result
- Better outcomes in decorated than lean offices; further improvements when workers decorated their own space
- Uncertainty
- Art and plants combined; office tasks, not healthcare
- Design
- Two experiments, one in a laboratory office and one in a commercial city office
- Sample / scope
- 112 and 47 participants
- Setting
- Workplace, not healthcare
- Art form
- Pictures
Citation and abstract checked against PubMed, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
A street-level exhibition and neighbourhood connection
Adjacent evidenceObservational / experimentalReported benefit
Finding. A field study reports changes in neighbourhood connectedness and wellbeing after engagement with a public exhibition.
Limitation. Adjacent public-space evidence. The original record was based on the abstract; no hospital application was tested.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract checked
- Design
- Field study of a pedestrian-level exhibition
- Sample / scope
- Not extracted from the published abstract
- Setting
- Urban street, not healthcare
- Art form
- Public art
Citation checked against Crossref and abstract against the publisher or OpenAlex record, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Supportive design and positive distraction
MechanismsTheoryContext / synthesis
Finding. Ulrich's supportive-design framework proposes that control, social support and positive distraction can support coping in healthcare environments.
Limitation. A theoretical framework. Its relevance to commissioning does not prove that any particular artwork produces the proposed effect.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract checked
- Design
- Theory paper
- Sample / scope
- Not applicable
- Setting
- Healthcare design
- Art form
- Several or unspecified
Citation and abstract checked against PubMed, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
A sculpture-specific paper with incomplete methods
Healthcare artQualitative study (as described)Context / synthesis
Finding. A 2025 paper discusses sculpture in hospital design, but the accessible description does not establish a clear sample, comparison or measured effect.
Limitation. Not used to support health claims. The limitation is the available methodology, not whether the journal charges publication fees.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract checked
- Design
- Qualitative, interviews and observation (as described in abstract)
- Sample / scope
- Not reported
- Setting
- Hospitals (unspecified)
- Art form
- Sculpture
Editorially reviewed; original source retained
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Roswell Park's permanent Art Heals Gallery
PracticeProgramme / guidanceContext / synthesis
Finding. The institution documents the permanent gallery associated with the trial at PAH-038.
Limitation. A practice record of the same project, not an additional independent trial. No claim that it is the only such example is made.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract or primary source checked
- Design
- Documented institutional practice
- Sample / scope
- Not applicable
- Setting
- Cancer centre
- Art form
- Art collections
Primary source page checked, 29 September 2026
Last full editorial audit: 2026-09-09 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Personalised paintings for hospitalised children
Healthcare artObservational / experimentalReported benefit
Finding. Ten hospitalised children viewed an original painting and then a version altered with personalised content. Well-being and involvement scores were high and slightly higher afterwards, and joy ratings for the personalised version were high.
Limitation. A pilot with ten children and no control group. Personalising the painting makes this more than ambient exposure.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract or primary source checked
- Design
- Exploratory mixed-methods pilot (grounded theory)
- Sample / scope
- 10 hospitalised children aged 4–12
- Setting
- Paediatric inpatient care
- Art form
- Pictures
Abstract or primary source checked, 28 September 2026 · Verification source
Editorial review: 2026-09-28 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Children’s preferences for ceiling-tile artwork
Healthcare artObservational / experimentalReported benefit
Finding. Children generally reported feeling better when viewing painted ceiling tiles. Realistic nature, realistic animals and cartoon content, and bright colour tones, were preferred; younger children reported the best experience.
Limitation. One health system; self-report collected by nursing staff; no comparison condition.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract or primary source checked
- Design
- Survey of patient experience and preference
- Sample / scope
- 65 paediatric patients aged 4–17
- Setting
- Paediatric clinical areas
- Art form
- Pictures
Abstract or primary source checked, 28 September 2026 · Verification source
Editorial review: 2026-09-28 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Patients and physicians choose different art for patient rooms
Healthcare artObservational / experimentalContext / synthesis
Finding. Both patient groups chose figurative art more often (65–67%) than physicians chose for their patients (42%). Views with natural elements were preferred across groups.
Limitation. Stated preference among a fixed set of images, not a measured health effect.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract or primary source checked
- Design
- Comparative preference study
- Sample / scope
- 79 chronic pain patients, 79 palliative care patients, 79 physicians
- Setting
- Patient rooms (image selection)
- Art form
- Pictures
Abstract or primary source checked, 28 September 2026 · Verification source
Editorial review: 2026-09-28 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Waiting-area art and patient satisfaction in China
Healthcare artObservational / experimentalReported benefit
Finding. Satisfaction with the visual art on the walls was one of the significant predictors of overall satisfaction, alongside sound level, the size of the waiting area and signage.
Limitation. Cross-sectional association; art is one of several environmental factors and its effect is not isolated.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract or primary source checked
- Design
- Environmental measurement, observation and questionnaire survey
- Sample / scope
- Sample size not stated in the abstract
- Setting
- Outpatient waiting areas
- Art form
- Pictures
Abstract or primary source checked, 28 September 2026 · Verification source
Editorial review: 2026-09-28 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Nature views, artwork content and nurse burnout
Adjacent evidenceObservational / experimentalReported benefit
Finding. The share of perceived nature views was among the strongest predictors of emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation scores. Artwork content was included as an explanatory variable but was not among the leading predictors reported.
Limitation. Small cross-sectional sample; primarily evidence about nature views rather than artwork.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract or primary source checked
- Design
- Cross-sectional regression study
- Sample / scope
- 51 nurses in six units of one tertiary hospital
- Setting
- Nurse work and break areas
- Art form
- Window view (nature)
Abstract or primary source checked, 28 September 2026 · Verification source
Editorial review: 2026-09-28 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Built environment in inpatient mental health facilities
Adjacent evidenceReviewContext / synthesis
Finding. The review identified the inclusion of artwork in units among the factors associated with a therapeutic environment, alongside privacy, daylight, communal areas and homelike design.
Limitation. Art is one design factor among many; its contribution is not isolated.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract or primary source checked
- Design
- Systematic literature review with SIGN50 appraisal
- Sample / scope
- 44 studies from nine countries
- Setting
- Adult inpatient mental health units
- Art form
- Several or unspecified
Abstract or primary source checked, 28 September 2026 · Verification source
Editorial review: 2026-09-28 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Age-specific design of art in paediatric rooms
MechanismsTheoryContext / synthesis
Finding. The authors argue that artwork and views should be calibrated by age rather than assumed to comfort every child, reporting that visual features produced divergent responses across age groups.
Limitation. A framework supported by simulated observations, not clinical outcomes.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract or primary source checked
- Design
- Conceptual paper with virtual-reality observations
- Sample / scope
- Children 8–11, adolescents 12–17 and parents (VR evaluation)
- Setting
- Simulated paediatric patient rooms
- Art form
- Pictures
Abstract or primary source checked, 28 September 2026 · Verification source
Editorial review: 2026-09-28 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
The art collection of Mexico’s social security institute
PracticePolicy / contextContext / synthesis
Finding. Describes IMSS’s collection of murals, sculptures and architectural works across its facilities as an expression of institutional identity and of the values of Latin American social medicine.
Limitation. Historical and documentary; no health outcomes are measured.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract or primary source checked
- Design
- Documentary and reflective review
- Sample / scope
- Not applicable
- Setting
- IMSS medical, administrative and social facilities
- Art form
- Art collections
Abstract or primary source checked, 28 September 2026 · Verification source
Editorial review: 2026-09-28 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
A critique of the evidence for arts-based interventions
Adjacent evidenceReviewContext / synthesis
Finding. Argues that the evidence cited for arts-based interventions is weaker than claimed: many studies do not define the artistic component, randomise allocation, control for concurrent interventions or report analyses appropriately.
Limitation. Addresses arts-based interventions broadly, most of them participatory, rather than installed art. Contested: see PAH-066.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract or primary source checked
- Design
- Conceptual and methodological critique
- Sample / scope
- Studies cited as evidence for arts-based interventions
- Setting
- Clinical and health-policy contexts
- Art form
- Several or unspecified
Abstract or primary source checked, 28 September 2026 · Verification source
Editorial review: 2026-09-28 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
A response to the critique of arts-and-health evidence
Adjacent evidenceReviewContext / synthesis
Finding. Arts-and-health researchers respond to PAH-065, arguing for a more nuanced evaluation of current research on the health outcomes of arts-based interventions.
Limitation. Commentary rather than new data; like PAH-065, it concerns arts-based interventions broadly.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract or primary source checked
- Design
- Published commentary
- Sample / scope
- Not applicable
- Setting
- Arts-and-health research
- Art form
- Several or unspecified
Abstract or primary source checked, 28 September 2026 · Verification source
Editorial review: 2026-09-28 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
A model of how passers-by experience street and public art
MechanismsTheoryContext / synthesis
Finding. Proposes a model of the street art experience. The authors define street art broadly, including public art, and suggest the model may help explain inconsistent findings.
Limitation. Developed for urban settings and not tested in healthcare. The breadth of definition was confirmed by the author in correspondence.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract or primary source checked
- Design
- Theoretical model
- Sample / scope
- Not applicable
- Setting
- Urban public space
- Art form
- Public art
Abstract or primary source checked, 28 September 2026 · Verification source
Editorial review: 2026-09-28 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Population-level thinking about health exposures
MechanismsTheoryContext / synthesis
Finding. Distinguishes the causes of individual cases from the causes of incidence in a population, and argues that the population strategy, which shifts exposure for everyone, deserves priority.
Limitation. Included as context for thinking about environments that everyone passes through; the paper does not concern art.
Methods and verification
Rose G. Sick individuals and sick populations. Int J Epidemiol. 1985;14(1):32–38.
Verification level: Abstract or primary source checked
- Design
- Theoretical epidemiology paper
- Sample / scope
- Not applicable
- Setting
- Population health
- Art form
- Several or unspecified
Abstract or primary source checked, 28 September 2026 · Verification source
Editorial review: 2026-09-28 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Improving environments for care at the end of life
PracticeProgramme / guidanceContext / synthesis
Finding. Describes nurse-led projects to improve environments for end-of-life care under the King’s Fund Enhancing the Healing Environment programme, including findings of an independent evaluation by the University of Nottingham.
Limitation. Environmental improvements broadly; the contribution of artwork is not isolated.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract or primary source checked
- Design
- Programme case studies with independent evaluation
- Sample / scope
- Projects in 19 NHS trusts and one prison
- Setting
- Hospital and prison end-of-life care environments
- Art form
- Several or unspecified
Abstract or primary source checked, 28 September 2026 · Verification source
Editorial review: 2026-09-28 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Ireland’s Per Cent for Art Scheme
Policy & contextPolicy / contextContext / synthesis
Finding. Allows up to 1% of the cost of publicly funded capital projects, subject to limits, to be allocated to commissioning art. Available across all government departments since 1997, with national guidelines from 2004 and higher limits from 2020.
Limitation. A funding mechanism, not evidence of effect. Its uptake in the health sector is not quantified in the sources reviewed.
Methods and verification
Government of Ireland. Per Cent for Art. Department of Culture, Communications and Sport.
Verification level: Abstract or primary source checked
- Design
- Government policy
- Sample / scope
- Not applicable
- Setting
- Publicly funded capital projects, including hospitals
- Art form
- Several or unspecified
Abstract or primary source checked, 28 September 2026 · Verification source
Editorial review: 2026-09-28 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Art and history at the Dresden-Friedrichstadt hospital
PracticePolicy / contextContext / synthesis
Finding. Describes the history of the Dresden-Friedrichstadt hospital, its Neptune fountain and its connections to Vienna.
Limitation. Historical; no health outcomes are measured.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract or primary source checked
- Design
- Historical account
- Sample / scope
- Not applicable
- Setting
- Hospital grounds, Dresden
- Art form
- Art collections
Abstract or primary source checked, 28 September 2026 · Verification source
Editorial review: 2026-09-28 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Preferences for hospital rooms in North Africa, including art
Healthcare artObservational / experimentalReported benefit
Finding. Participants preferred an aesthetically pleasing room that included art and bright colours, window views and personalisation, which they associated with greater satisfaction and happiness.
Limitation. Stated preferences in a simulated design exercise at one centre; art is one of several features.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract or primary source checked
- Design
- Prospective preference study using 3D design software
- Sample / scope
- Volunteers recruited by advertisement; sample size not stated in the abstract
- Setting
- Single-occupancy rooms, Tripoli Medical Center
- Art form
- Pictures
Abstract or primary source checked, 28 September 2026 · Verification source
Editorial review: 2026-09-28 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Psychologically supportive design in a Jordanian public hospital
Adjacent evidenceObservational / experimentalContext / synthesis
Finding. Proposes a framework of psychologically supportive design features drawn from healing-environment theory and finds the studied hospital moderately supportive, with connection to nature the weakest aspect.
Limitation. Single hospital; the framework covers design broadly and does not isolate artwork.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract or primary source checked
- Design
- Mixed methods: framework from literature, site inventory and inpatient questionnaire
- Sample / scope
- One large public hospital in Amman
- Setting
- Inpatient environment
- Art form
- Window view (nature)
Abstract or primary source checked, 28 September 2026 · Verification source
Editorial review: 2026-09-28 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Families, staff and inpatient room design in Saudi Arabia
Adjacent evidenceObservational / experimentalContext / synthesis
Finding. Respondents strongly preferred single rooms (74.5%), natural light (77.6%), comfortable seating (85.8%) and a family zone by the window with views of nature (50.5%), and saw family presence as supporting the healing environment.
Limitation. Does not address artwork. Included because it documents what patients, families and staff in Saudi hospitals value in the room environment.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract or primary source checked
- Design
- Questionnaire survey
- Sample / scope
- 359 patients, family visitors and healthcare professionals in three hospitals
- Setting
- Inpatient rooms
- Art form
- Window view (nature)
Abstract or primary source checked, 28 September 2026 · Verification source
Editorial review: 2026-09-28 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
The art collection inside Sidra Medicine, Doha
PracticePolicy / contextContext / synthesis
Finding. Qatar Foundation reports that Sidra Medicine holds more than sixty artworks, including models, paintings and interactive works, and quotes an art specialist on art’s role in humanising hospitals.
Limitation. An institutional account, not an evaluation. The individual works are not listed in the source.
Methods and verification
Qatar Foundation. How do Sidra’s art pieces improve healthcare? 13 June 2022.
Verification level: Abstract or primary source checked
- Design
- Institutional account
- Sample / scope
- More than sixty artworks
- Setting
- Women’s and children’s hospital, Education City, Doha
- Art form
- Art collections
Abstract or primary source checked, 28 September 2026 · Verification source
Editorial review: 2026-09-28 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi: art and regional design references
PracticePolicy / contextContext / synthesis
Finding. Cleveland Clinic states that its art collection extends to its Abu Dhabi hospital. The architects describe interiors that integrate arabesque patterns and regional colour palettes to give patients a sense of familiarity.
Limitation. Institutional and design-firm descriptions; no evaluation of the art or of the regional design references was located.
Methods and verification
Cleveland Clinic. Viewing the art collection; HDR. Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi (project description).
Verification level: Abstract or primary source checked
- Design
- Institutional and architect accounts
- Sample / scope
- Not applicable
- Setting
- Multispecialty hospital, Abu Dhabi
- Art form
- Art collections
Abstract or primary source checked, 28 September 2026 · Verification source
Editorial review: 2026-09-28 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Student sculpture maquettes exhibited in a hospital museum
Healthcare artDescriptive surveyContext / synthesis
Finding. A month-long exhibition in March 2025 showed sculpture maquettes by second-year sculpture students at the YHRP museum inside Hiroshima University Hospital. A questionnaire was completed by 37 people: 13 hospital users, 9 companions or family members, 3 hospital staff, 5 students, 5 members of the public and 2 others.
Limitation. A temporary exhibition of maquettes, not permanent installed sculpture. A descriptive questionnaire of a self-selected audience, with no comparison. Findings beyond the abstract and respondent table await a checked translation of the methods and results.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract checked
- Design
- Descriptive questionnaire at a temporary exhibition
- Sample / scope
- 37 respondents (13 hospital users, 9 companions or family, 3 hospital staff, 5 students, 5 public, 2 other)
- Setting
- YHRP museum, Hiroshima University Hospital
- Art form
- Sculpture
Abstract and respondent table checked against the J-STAGE record and article PDF, 28 September 2026. Full appraisal awaits a checked translation. · Verification source
Editorial review: 2026-09-28 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Le Louvre à l’Hôpital: statues, reproductions and guided sessions
Adjacent evidenceUncontrolled evaluationReported benefit
Finding. Over one year, four large statues were placed in the hospital gardens and reproductions of paintings were shown in shared areas and patient rooms, alongside 83 guided small-group art discussions attended by 451 patients. Of 201 patients assessed, 160 (79.6%) reported decreased anxiety after the art sessions.
Limitation. A multi-component programme with no comparison group reported in the abstract. The anxiety result follows the guided sessions and cannot be attributed to the statues or to any single component.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract checked
- Design
- Programme evaluation with post-session self-report; no comparator reported
- Sample / scope
- 451 patients attended sessions; 201 assessed for anxiety
- Setting
- Hospital gardens, shared areas and patient rooms (Hôpital R. Muret, Sevran, per author affiliations)
- Art form
- Sculpture, Pictures
Abstract checked on PubMed, 28 September 2026. Measurement method, participant flow and timing are to be extracted from the full text. · Verification source
Editorial review: 2026-09-28 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
Guided-viewing videos at the National Gallery: a randomised trial
Adjacent evidenceRandomised trialMixed findingsIncludes null findings
Finding. In a pre-registered study of 281 participants and a laboratory follow-up of 33, wellbeing improved from before to after viewing in all conditions. Neither a guided-viewing video nor a mindful-breathing video produced greater overall wellbeing change than the comparison conditions; guided viewing raised positive mood more than the mindfulness video.
Limitation. A museum study of paintings, not permanent sculpture or a hospital. Relevant to whether interpretation adds value to viewing, not to the effect of an installed work.
Methods and verification
Verification level: Abstract checked
- Design
- Three-arm randomised controlled trial with laboratory follow-up (mixed methods)
- Sample / scope
- 281 participants; laboratory follow-up 33
- Setting
- National Gallery, London, and laboratory
- Art form
- Pictures
Abstract checked on the publisher’s page, 28 September 2026 (published 23 June 2026). · Verification source
Editorial review: 2026-09-28 · Verification policy
Publications and overlap
No confirmed shared-publication match is recorded for this entry in Edition 4.11. Source-by-source and participant-level reconciliation is incomplete; this does not establish an independent study.
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